National Security Is More Important Than Human Rights

The origination of human rights and opportunities is the foundation of American conventions, law and the pointer of vote based system. The methodology of winning enthusiasm for individual protection, property security and non-impedance of state experts in exclusive issues is the fundamental ground for current association of American culture. For a considerable length of time the courts have been standing shields of insurance of people against irrational interruption of the State, by and large deciphering the Constitution and the Bill of Rights with inclination of individual human rights security. In any case toward the finish of the 21st century there seemed a few variables which so much impacted our general public that the issues of country security and assurance raised with exceptional accentuation and the theory that the national security is a higher priority than human rights purposes nothing unexpected. This examination is centered around this questionable issue and contains the investigation of the reasons which changed the scale; the review of national security versus uman rights from the perspectives of inward and outside national arrangement; the argumentation star and contra prevalence of national security over close to home human rights with the instances of solid rights and proof; the end. So why the legitimacy of what was correct before ought to be currently the subject of reevaluation? Among the reasons which preconditioned giving increasingly political and legitimate significance to the national security over assurance of individual rights and opportunities the general explanation is the need to forestall U. S. residents, foundations and grounds from the expanded danger of psychological militant assaults, the insurance of U. S. outskirts from likely outside attack. Another significant factor which impacted the change in customary lawful and political regulation is the globalization. Once, the privileges of U. S. residents ensured by the Bill of Rights have been extended and extrapolated far and wide. Close political, prudent and social interchanges of the U. S. A. with all nations of the world and the U. S. domineering impact as of the world driving force have another side of the development. The sum, the worth and the availability of global correspondence on any level: legislative, territorial, neighborhood or private, has risen exceptional in contrast with prior occasions because of innovative insurgency. Our state and individuals have been affected by different societies and social orders, as this trade is two-sided. For example, this prompted expanding job of legal law in the U. S. ystem of law which has been customarily case-law arrangement of law. Along these lines, a considerable lot of our accomplice nations have various conventions and guidelines and a significant number of them place national security and social interests before close to home rights, supporting this with profound contentions which regardless ought to be thought about. The U. S. Nationalist Act and the Homeland Security Act are splendid proof for the two past contentions, the open help and the sensibility of the difference in underscored esteems. Especially the U. S. Patriot Act of 2001 was passed about consistently by the Senate 98-1, and 357-66 in the House, with the help of individuals from over the political range, which underlines open energy about setting more accentuation to national security before assurance of individual interests of protection. Improving the counter-fear monger assurance, the Act banishes significant changes in exploring techniques and contains various arrangements a long way from vote based customs and forgoing security of certain sacred privileges of practically any U. S. resident (for example, the Act extends the explanations behind warrantless inquiries, disentangles the states of acquiring search and seizure warrants, grows the purposes behind getting business records in criminal examinations and so on) (The U. S. Division of Justice). Other national security addresses which have clearly expanded its significance over human rights insurance lately are the illicit migration, the improvement of universal sorted out wrongdoing, the availability of open and private data on Internet and so forth. In the majority of the cases restricting the idea of human rights to national security is incorrect and outlandish development on the grounds that the national security is the idea which blocks the physical and mental security of all individuals from the general public, and in this manner incorporates and predetermines the chance of practicing human rights and opportunities. Without security the prosperity is unthinkable. Taking a gander at the national security versus uman rights question from the perspectives of interior and outside national security, one should initially look at what solid human rights might be deferred or constrained for the country security and insurance purposes. Normal human rights like the ideal forever are not the liable to address in this article. The rights tended to in this article are characterized basically in the U. S. Bill of Rights. These are affable ight for protection, the privilege of serene dissent, the privilege to individual flexibility, the privilege to a reasonable preliminary and the privilege of equivalent assurance, ordinarily in the rundown of the rights which under specific conditions might be deferred for the proficiency of country security and insurance. The principal contention supporting the explanation that national security is a higher priority than insurance of individual rights is the expanded danger of terroristic assaults, which are risky, painstakingly arranged, privately focused on and liberally subsidized composed violations. This danger requires sufficient activities. For example, the issue of proficiency of safety efforts in the air terminals is one of the most significant difficulties in country security and assurance strategy, and the model that regardless of all activities taken the danger stays exceptionally practical is the ongoing psychological oppressor endeavor of the Al-Qaeda aircraft to explode plane while arriving in Detroit, MI. on December 26, 2009. The subsequent contention is the global experience and need to solidarity the endeavors of universal network in battle with psychological oppression, atomic danger and sorted out wrongdoing. Kumar, C. Raj (2005) composes â€Å"The September 11, 2001 assaults in New York and Washington D. C. , and the December 13, 2001 assault on the Indian Parliament have increased the discussion with respect to the need of defining national security laws in India and the laws' possibly genuine effect on human rights and common freedoms. The reinforcing of national security laws overall is clearly sought after with the target of battling psychological warfare and different types of interior and outside dangers to the States and the social orders in which individuals live†. A few security laws have been passed in India because of the test of forestalling psychological oppression and safeguarding national security. The laws are being scrutinized for infringement of human rights, however the Supreme Court maintained their established legitimacy. This model delineates that in the USA, however around the world, there is a propensity of giving more significance to national security and worldwide collaboration for this reason. The third contention supporting the proposal is that the cutting edge American law accepted inclines toward open interests to the interests of individual from the general public. Various exemptions are authorized to legitimize deviation of established rights, especially in examining strategies †the techniques which foreordain the accompanying phases of criminal procedure. On the case of air terminal security, more consideration of transportation security officials is at present committed to passengers’ searches and seizures. An audit of milestone cases identified with air terminal inquiries outlines that the private individual once in a while wins and that searches are quite often seen as sensible and sacred (Kornblatt, 2007). In late milestone case United States v. Hartwell, 436 F. 3d 174, 175 (third Cir. 006), the Supreme Court has recognized a couple of conditions in which a hunt is sensible without bad behavior, which commonly include authoritative ventures of ‘closely regulated’ organizations, other purported ‘special needs’ cases, and suspicionless ‘checkpoint’ look. The Court expressed that suspicionless inquiries at checkpoints â€Å"are passable under the Fourth Amendment when a court finds a great harmony between ‘the gravity of the open concerns served by the seizure, how much the seizure propels the open intrigue, and the seriousness of the obstruction with singular freedom. Especially the Supreme Court accentuated the significance of forestalling fear monger assaults against planes, the predominant of open enthusiasm for security checkpoints at air terminals. Under the â€Å"special needs† precept the administration specialists are permitted to lead look without any doubt of culpability in constrained conditions where the inquiry is pointed not to assemble proof for the examination of wrongdoing. These conditions include: regardless of whether the administration enthusiasm for the inquiry program is prompt and considerable, whether the hunt program successfully propels the administration intrigue, states Konblatt (2007). In United States v. Skipwith, 482 F. 2d 1272 (fifth Cir. 1973) the Fifth Circuit concluded that a few circumstances present a degree of peril with the end goal that the sensibility test is as such fulfilled. The Court found that a parity must be struck between the mischief and the need to figure out what is sensible: â€Å"When the hazard is the peril to several human lives and a great many dollars of property innate in the pilfering or exploding of a huge plane, the threat alone meets the trial of sensibility. Along these lines the case law recommends that on account of contention between private rights and open interests, for the most part ensured by government, the last win. The fourth contention supporting the postulation is that the m

Religion and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion and Philosophy - Essay Example Thð µ yin yð °ng sign illustrð °tð µs thð °t Ð µvð µn whð µrð µ you'vð µ got two oppositð µs, thð µy complimð µnt Ð µÃ° °ch othð µr. Thð µ blð °ck Ð °nd whitð µ of thð µ two sidð µs of thð µ sign Ð °rð µ oppositð µs, however inside thð µ blð °ck thð µrð µ is Ð ° littlð µ bit of whitð µ Ð °nd inside thð µ whitð µ thð µrð µ is Ð ° littlð µ bit of blð °ck. Thð µrð µ's Ð ° pð µrfð µct bð °lð °ncð µ bð µtwð µÃ° µn thð µ two. Oftð µn thð µ yin yð °ng sign is usð µd to symbolizð µ mð °lð µ Ð °nd fð µmð °lð µ forcð µs. Fð µmð °lð µ usuð °lly is Ð °ssocið °tð µd with thð µ dð °rk Ð °nd thð µ mð °lð µ is Ð °ssocið °tð µd with whitð µ Ð °nd thð µ light. In somð µthing thð °t may sð µÃ° µm complð µtð µly mð °sculinð µ, in pð µoplð µ or Ð °nimð °ls, yet Ð µvð µn in vð °rious mð °nifð µstð °tions of nð °turð µ or socið µty or whð °tð µvð µr, thð µrð µ is Ð ° littlð µ contact of thð µ fð µ mininð µ. Inside somð µthing thð °t may sð µÃ° µm to bð µ complð µtð µly fð µmininð µ, thð µrð µ is Ð ° littlð µ contact of thð µ mð °sculinð µ. Thð µrð µ is Ð °lwð °ys Ð ° littlð µ bit of thð µ oppositð µ inside whð °tð µvð µr it is you'rð µ tð °lking Ð °bout, Ð µvð µn if things sð µÃ° µm to bð µ totð °lly oppositð µ.

Genre Kryptonite Guidebooks to Wonder

Genre Kryptonite Guidebooks to Wonder In my professional life, I pin down the documented facts of historical events big and small. While the lingering presence of the past has an incredible amount of power, and I will always read books about the magic that happens inside an archive, I sometimes worry that history-as-facts drains it of anything resembling awe. When I get too hung up on this worry, I turn to books about the worlds real wondrous places. In descriptions  of places that dont quite make sense or events that cant be easily explained, I find  places where the past and the present butt up against each other, illuminating both and inspiring astonishment  that were all  here,  now. Books about the worlds mysteries seem to be having a moment. Maybe its because this year  has been one giant kick in the teeth, so the thought of running off to caves hidden along a shoreline or setting out to the worlds most isolated place is especially appealing. Maybe its because, paradoxically, as technology makes knowing where you are geographically  simpler, it makes knowing existentially where you are that much harder. Whatever the reason, Ill happily take it. When I need to imagine being someplace else, Ive been dipping in and out of  Atlas Obscura: An Explorers Guide to the Worlds Hidden Wonders, edited by Joshua Foer, Dylan Thomas, and Ella Morton. This book is beautiful color photographs, maps, excellent graphic design and has over 600 short entries about extraordinary places and things all over the world. Each includes an address and GPS coordinates so you can set off on a journey right now, if you want. Because of this book, Im now daydreaming about the thousands of fireflies that flash in unison by a group of  mangrove trees in Kuala Lumpur. Closer to home, I am now desperate to visit the Weeki Wachee Mermaid Show. Thats got to feel a bit  like walking in to Karen Russells amazing book Swamplandia!, right? Atlas of Improbable Places: A Journey to the Worlds Most Unusual Corners  by Travis Elborough, with maps by Alan Horsfield, is a curated guide  to places that just dont quite make sense. Elborough organized the book by  theme Dream Creations, Floating Worlds, Otherworldly Spaces, and more rather than geography, which makes it easy to  decide what genre of oddity or  improbability you want to consider based on your mood. The large black and white photographs, coupled with beautifully simple maps, gives this book an air of sophistication and inspires more than a little awe.  After browsing through this atlas, I have an  intense desire to visit The Lost City of San Juan Parangaricutiro, abandoned after an eight-year volcanic eruption in 1943! Thats 73 years ago but still  feels so recent to just abandon a city. As much as I love lusciously illustrated atlases books that will help me plan my next adventure, as a format, the atlas  is wrapped up with notions of conquest and consumption. When I want a break from books that encourage  viewing the worlds wonders as something to reach or obtain, I turn to Judith Schalanskys lyrical, meditative  Pocket Atlas of Remote Islands: Fifty Islands I Have Not Visited and Never Will  (translated from German by Christine Lo). This book is a visual and textual guide to islands of self-discovery. Neither fiction nor non-fiction, Pocket Atlas of Remote Islands  presents the reader with  50 different islands and their stories. Schalansky used various real  events, historical figures, and scientific studies as the starting point for essays in which she reflects on what space, wonder, history, geography, and isolation mean. Finally, sometimes the only way to consider a place is without images of that place to distract you. Lauret Savoys  Trace: Memory, History, Race, and the American Landscape will make the familiar unfamiliar. This incredible book is explicitly about confronting the ways that Americas history is all around us, rich with meaning and tempered by ironies. This book inspired  awe (and more than a little horror) in me as I saw the American landscape anew. So, where are we off to next? Full disclosure: I do freelance writing and event planning for Atlas Obscura. However, I genuinely like their book. They did not ask me to write this piece.

Essay on Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson - 1029 Words

Developing a country and its principals comes with many debates, arguments, and many decisions to be made. In the end of the eighteenth century the Founding Fathers of the newly established America dealt with the difficulties of creating a country with strong political, social, and economic power. With the writing of the Articles of Confederation the country had now developed a national government, but was weak and ineffective. The top leaders of the country knew the flaws of the Articles and gathered together to rewrite the draft. When these decisions makers met in Philadelphia for the Convention the Constitution of the United States was written. This Constitution developed the foundation of the American governmental system. Along with†¦show more content†¦Federalist’s views on economy were based off internal and foreign connections. Internally, Hamilton’s economic plan included three main parts- paying off all war debts, raising government taxes, and creat ing a national bank. This plan would result in the nation’s debt, which was a result of the Revolution, being paid in full by the wealthier states paying states debts for the poorer states. This was not accepted because the richer southern states disagreed to pay for the poorer northern states. Another plan by Hamilton was to tax farmer who made alcohol, resulting in funds to pay off the nations debt. Most of these farming citizens where part of the opposing Republican Party who strongly disagreed with the new tax causing the Whiskey Rebellion. Internationally, Hamilton wanted a strong economic relationship with Great Britain. He developed the Jay Treaty that insured a diplomatic agreement from peaceful trading with Britain. The Jay Treaty included decisions of debt payments, country boundaries, and Britain occupation of forts in newly independent America. Hamilton believed in a strong central economy that was aided by foreign affairs and national strength. 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Federalists, who supported the making of a new document, the Constitution, differed from Anti-federalists who believed that â€Å"the new system threatened liberties and failed to protect individual rights.† Anti-federalist, such as Patrick Henry, James WinthropRead MoreAlexander Hamilton Vs. Thomas Jefferson887 Words   |  4 PagesHamilton vs. Jefferson During the Revolutionary- Federalist Era, politics, parties, programs, policies, and people made an enormous difference in how the new nation should be structured and run. During this era, two men in particular championed politics and their respective parties. These two men were Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican. 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The Case Of The Fbi Essay - 882 Words

Former Rep. George Miller (D-CA) was absolutely floored by Trump’s shameless testimony. He said, â€Å"In my 19 years here, I don’t know that I’ve heard more irresponsible testimony†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Miller was irritated that Trump suggested that he had â€Å"additional knowledge of the extent of organized crime beyond what the FBI, the IRS, the Treasury, and others have suggested (during the same hearing).† In addition, Miller responded, â€Å"You don’t know this; you suspect this perhaps†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Trump’s accusations were in complete opposition to all of the credible authorities at that hearing. In fact, that same hearing featured written testimony from Jim Moody, the FBI’s former Chief of the organized-crime section. â€Å"The FBI does not see a ‘coordinated, concerted effort’ by organized-crime families to raid the Indian gambling industry,† wrote Moody. â€Å"As legalized gaming spreads throughout the Unite d States, we are seeing that those states with strong regulations and enforcement are not experiencing an influx of organized crime activity.† Obviously, a cash-heavy, multi-billion dollar industry that is exempt from corporate federal taxes, such as the Indian casino industry, certainly has great potential for corruption. However, there aren’t many documented cases of actual mafia involvement. It’s the kind of issue that makes for juicy rumors, but there isn’t much evidence to back it up. As time has passed, federal authorities have concluded that there is very little mafia involvement with Indian gaming. 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We previously have deposed Dr. Cally and medical testimony will be complete with t he testimony of Dr. Kantor. This case is scheduledRead MoreThe FBI Case Analysis1919 Words   |  8 PagesFrank began working for the FBI as a security consultant for no pay and still works to this day. He has worked 41 years with the FBI with 31 of those years being over his legal limit. He had no problem with this saying, â€Å"I owe my country 800 times more than I could ever repay for the opportunities it’s given me† (Scafuri). While working for the FBI, he also jump-started his own company called Abagnale Associates. Over 14,000 financial institutions, corporations and law enforcement agencies useRead MoreApple Vs. Fbi Case979 Words   |  4 PagesApple vs. FBI In today’s society, technology has become one of the most used and most sought after developments of the millennium. 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Different roles within group Free Essays

Identify five different roles within groups; discuss the ways in which they can contribute to the successful completion of a task. Leader/Facilitator The position of the leader is significant, as the team would not have any guide or direction and would most likely become unproductive. The leader clarifies goals, promotes decision-making and delegates well. We will write a custom essay sample on Different roles within group or any similar topic only for you Order Now She/he must have outstanding interpersonal skills, being able to communicate effectively with team members hrough good listening, verbal and non-verbal communication. Team worker/ Motivator The role of the team worker is to maintain harmony and unity between all members; they work towards resolving any conflicts that affect the team’s dynamics. They are very motivating and supportive of other team members. They tend to never take part in decision making as they wouldn’t want to be seen taking sides. Resource Investigator The Resource Investigator is a strong communicator, good at discussing with people utside the team and gathering external information and resources. They are usually very rapid thinkers and excellent at extracting information from the foundation. They also are very advanced at networking with other teams and organisations. Completer/ Finisher The Completer/Finisher is a task-orientated member of the group and as their name implies they like to complete tasks; they pay great attention to detail and are very good at organising meetings/ discussions for the team. They keep the team up on schedule and can usually have a tendency for being anxious about meeting targets and deadlines. Implementer People who play the implementer in the team are the one who usually get everything done. They are practical, focused and strong minded individuals and turn the team’s proposals into plans. Due to their rigid nature, implementers would rather stick to old, tried and tested methods than to embrace change and improvement. How to cite Different roles within group, Papers

Kadra And Africa Essays - Islam And Women, Kadra Yusuf, Djibouti

Kadra And Africa My Acquaintance With Africa I thought I knew enough about Africa, this wonderful and strange continent with a hot tropical climate and a wealthy nature, which is populated by many different nations and tribes. I saw many movies, mostly about African nature and often read newspapers or magazines about frequent wars and economical problems. But I never made acquaintance with people who originated from Africa. Thus, it was really interesting to talk, even if a little to my classmate Kadra, who not long ago, two years, came here from the small East African country Djibouti. I was interested in how she has lived and thought and what problems have worried this young, beautiful black woman. In the period of two years, since I came from Ukraine and have lived in Chicago, I have known six or seven Afro-Americans. Although we worked together we had never talked about their problems. Maybe, it isn't done among the black people, all the more among the Americans. So, I really know nothing about native Africans. No wonder I always thought they are very poor, not well educated and cut away from world civilization. It was a big surprise when Kadra told me that she finished high-school in her motherland and what's more in French, which is the second, after her native Arabic, official language in Djibouti. Kadra speaks English sufficiently, clearly expresses her thoughts and doesn't stop to find the suitable words as I often do. She plans to continue going to college in order to get a degree in English, find a better job and probably go back to motherland where she can teach English to her compatriots. Of course, Kadra told me about her native country Djibouti, which I know nothing about. It is a beautiful country located on the East coast of Africa, on the shore of the Red Sea. The territory, divided into a low coastal plain, with mountains behind, and an interior plateau, is arid, sandy, and desolate. The climate is generally hot and dry. Two main ethnic groups, Somali and Afar, live there and almost all people profess the Muslim faith. It's a republic and the head of state is a president. The economy is a weak development and people often go to other countries hoping to find a job. I was interested that people in Djibouti are mainly Muslim, to whom I never talked before. So I began to ask questions about this topic and discovered the huge, mysterious, and alien Islamic world. It seems to me religion has great importance for Kadra; it is her spiritual universe, it's like her second "I". It is strange that in the USA, with its furious rate of life, with its interlacing of nations, cultures, religions and as a result- a prevailing ideology of idealism, on the top of which is "I" and "myself", Kadra continues to live in her closed Muslim world. I found many new things in her world and heard about the customs and laws ascribed to respect and help older people and parents. Muslims are not allow drinking alcohol, never using drugs and are faithful in marriage. I found that Islam allows getting divorced, if a man or woman doesn't love anymore. It changed my assumption about a woman in the Islamic world as a slave who carries her own cross to the end of her life. On the other hand, I have understood, or to be more specific, I felt how dangerous and awful is Islam. Since childhood Kadra has followed Muslim laws, gone to the Muslim school and known only this world because she lived among people who blindly submitted to Islam's canons. When I asked her how her world outlook has changed for the last two years and how she imagines her future life here, in the USA, I was shocked by her firmness to live further in the Muslim world and her confidence that nothing can change. At first it seems she, as do most of us, works, goes to college, and drives a car. From the outside she looks like everyone, nothing particular, but what acts in this young soul, as though the black darkness covers her. I had this feeling when he told me her husband, relatives and all her friends are Muslims and only among them she has found happiness. Then I noticed she talks with hardly hidden disgust to other people (I understood that for her the "other" means the people not other race, nation or culture, but who don't profess

Free Essays on Physician Assisted Suicide

Mary Thompson, 35 years old, was recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. This disease, which results in progressive paralysis, can move rapidly through the body in less than two years. There is no known cause of ALS and no known cure. It is always fatal. Thompson was devastated by the news and knew that there was only one thing she could do. She didn’t want to be a burden for her family so she asked her physician to prescribe a lethal medication for her so she could end her life. Within that week Thompson was dead. This is known as â€Å"physician assisted suicide (PAS).† Many states in the United States have banned PAS. Oregon is the only state that passed the Death with Dignity Act. Even though many terminally ill patients decide to end their suffering by ending their life, doctors shouldn’t be able to assist them. Doctors are supposed to sustain and preserve the patients’ life in stead of killing them. Therefore, Physician Assisted Suicide is unethical. Assisted suicide has great potential for abuse. People without family support or adequate finances, as well as people suffering from depression, are pressured to choose death. â€Å"Suicide is often a desperate step taken by individuals who consider their problems so intractable as to make their situations hopeless† (Balch). Patients suffering from a terminal illness feels that they have no control over what they are going through. Therefore, many patients believe that death is the only way to solve the problem. However, human-rights activists argue that patients must have the freedom to choose when they want to die. But, if the patient is suffering from clinical depression then he or she cannot make his or her own decisions. â€Å"†¦Suicidal individuals tend to think in a very rigid, dichotomous way, seeing everything in ‘all or nothing’ terms; they are unable to see any range of genuine alternatives... Free Essays on Physician Assisted Suicide Free Essays on Physician Assisted Suicide Mary Thompson, 35 years old, was recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. This disease, which results in progressive paralysis, can move rapidly through the body in less than two years. There is no known cause of ALS and no known cure. It is always fatal. Thompson was devastated by the news and knew that there was only one thing she could do. She didn’t want to be a burden for her family so she asked her physician to prescribe a lethal medication for her so she could end her life. Within that week Thompson was dead. This is known as â€Å"physician assisted suicide (PAS).† Many states in the United States have banned PAS. Oregon is the only state that passed the Death with Dignity Act. Even though many terminally ill patients decide to end their suffering by ending their life, doctors shouldn’t be able to assist them. Doctors are supposed to sustain and preserve the patients’ life in stead of killing them. Therefore, Physician Assisted Suicide is unethical. Assisted suicide has great potential for abuse. People without family support or adequate finances, as well as people suffering from depression, are pressured to choose death. â€Å"Suicide is often a desperate step taken by individuals who consider their problems so intractable as to make their situations hopeless† (Balch). Patients suffering from a terminal illness feels that they have no control over what they are going through. Therefore, many patients believe that death is the only way to solve the problem. However, human-rights activists argue that patients must have the freedom to choose when they want to die. But, if the patient is suffering from clinical depression then he or she cannot make his or her own decisions. â€Å"†¦Suicidal individuals tend to think in a very rigid, dichotomous way, seeing everything in ‘all or nothing’ terms; they are unable to see any range of genuine alternatives...

Battle of Caen in World War II

Battle of Caen in World War II The Battle of Caen was fought from June 6, to July 20, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945). Situated on the Orne River approximately nine miles from the Normandy coast, the city of Caen was a key road and rail hub in the region. The city was identified by the Allies as an early goal for troops coming ashore during the D-Day invasion. Rather than quickly falling, the struggle for Caen became a bloody, grinding affair that lasted for seven weeks due to intense German resistance. While a costly struggle, the fighting around Caen pinned down German troops which facilitated Operation Cobra in late July. This saw the Allies breakout of the beachhead and move to encircle German forces in Normandy. Background Located in Normandy, Caen was identified early on by General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Allied planners as a main objective for the D-Day invasion. This was largely due to the citys key position along the Orne River and Caen Canal as well as its role as a major road hub within the region. As a result, the capture of Caen would greatly inhibit the ability of German forces to respond quickly to Allied operations once ashore. Planners also felt that the relatively open terrain around the city would provide an easier line of advance inland as opposed to the more difficult bocage (hedgerow) country to the west. Given the favorable terrain, the Allies also intended to establish several airfields around the city. The capture of Caen was assigned to Major General Tom Rennies British 3rd Infantry Division which would be assisted by Major General Richard N. Gales British 6th Airborne Division and 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion. In the final plans for Operation Overlord, Allied leaders intended for Kellers men to take Caen shortly after coming ashore on D-Day. This would require an advance of approximately 7.5 miles from beach. D-Day Landing during the night of June 6, the airborne forces captured key bridges and artillery positions to the east of Caen along the Orne River and at Merville. These efforts effectively blocked the enemys ability to mount a counterattack against the beaches from the east. Storming ashore on Sword Beach around 7:30 AM, the 3rd Infantry Division initially encountered stiff resistance. Following the arrival of supporting armor, Rennies men were able to secure the exits from the beach and commenced pushing inland around 9:30 AM. Their advance was soon stopped by a determined defense mounted by 21st Panzer Division. Blocking the road to Caen, the Germans were able to halt Allied forces and the city remained in their hands as night fell. As a result, the Allied ground commander, General Bernard Montgomery, elected to meet with the commanders of the US First Army and British Second Army, Lieutenant Generals Omar Bradley and Miles Dempsey, to develop a new plan for taking the city. Lieutenant General Sir Miles C. Dempsey (right) with the 21st Army Group commander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery (center), and U.S. First Army commander, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley (left), 10 June 1944. Public Domain Fast Facts: Battle of Caen Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: June 6, to July 20, 1944Armies Commanders:AlliesGeneral Bernard MontgomeryLieutenant General Miles Dempsey14 divisions, 8 armored/tank brigadesAxisField Marshal Erwin RommelField Marshal Gà ¼nther von Kluge15 divisions, 3 heavy tank battalions Operation Perch Originally conceived as a plan for breaking out of the beachhead to the southeast of Caen, Operation Perch was quickly altered by Montgomery into a pincer attack for taking the city. This called for I Corps 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and the 4th Armoured Brigade to cross the Orne River in the east and attack towards Cagny. In the west, XXX Corps would cross the Odon River, then swing east towards Evrecy. This offensive moved forward on June 9 as elements of XXX Corps began battling for Tilly-sur-Seulles which was held by the Panzer Lehr Division and elements of the 12th SS Panzer Division. Due to delays, I Corps did not begin their advance until June 12. Meeting heavy resistance from the 21st Panzer Division, these efforts were halted the next day. As I Corps rolled forward, the situation in the west changed when German forces, having been under heavy attack from the US 1st Infantry Division on XXX Corps right began falling back. Seeing an opportunity, Dempsey directed the 7th Armoured Division to exploit the gap and advance to Villers-Bocage before turning east to assault the left flank of the Panzer Lehr Division. Reaching the village on July 13, British forces were checked in heavy fighting. Feeling that the division was becoming overextended, Dempsey pulled it back with the goal of reinforcing it and renewing the offensive. This failed to occur when a severe storm hit the area and damaged supply operations on the beaches (Map). Operation Epsom In an effort to regain the initiative, Dempsey commenced Operation Epsom on June 26. Using Lieutenant General Sir Richard OConnors newly-arrived VIII Corps, the plan called for a thrust over the Odon River to capture high ground south of Caen near Bretteville-sur-Laize. A secondary operation, dubbed Martlet, was launched on June 25 to secure heights along VIII Corps right flank. Assisted by supporting operations at other points along the line, the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, aided by armor from the 31st Tank Brigade, spearheaded the Epsom attack the next day. An ammunition lorry of 11th Armoured Division explodes after being hit by mortar fire during Operation Epsom, June 1944. Public Domain Making good progress, it crossed the river, pushed through the German lines and began expanding its position. Joined by the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, the 15th became engaged in heavy fighting and repulsed several major German counterattacks. The severity of the German efforts led to Dempsey pulling his some of his troops back across the Odon by June 30. Though a tactical failure for the Allies, Epsom altered the balance of forces in the region in their favor. While Dempsey and Montgomery were able to maintain a force of reserves, their opponent, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, was compelled to utilize his entire force to hold the front lines. Following Epsom, the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division mounted Operation Windsor on July 4. This called for an attack on Carpiquet and its adjacent airfield which were located west of Caen. The Canadian effort was further supported by a variety of specialist armor, 21 artillery regiments, naval gunfire support from HMS Rodney, as well as two squadrons of Hawker Typhoons. Moving forward, the Canadians, aided by the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade, succeeded in capturing the village but were unable to secure the airfield. The next day, they turned back German efforts to reclaim Carpiquet. Operation Charnwood Increasingly frustrated with the situation around Caen, Montgomery directed that a major offensive be mounted to frontally assault the city. Though Caens strategic significance had lessened, he particularly desired to secure Verrià ¨res and Bourguà ©bus ridges to the south. Dubbed Operation Charnwood, the key objectives of the assault were to clear the city south to the Orne and secure bridges over the river. To accomplish the latter, an armored column was assembled with orders to rush through Caen to capture the crossings. The attack moved forward on July 8 and was heavily supported by bombers and naval gunfire. Led by I Corps, three infantry divisions (3rd, 59th, and 3rd Canadian), supported by armor, pushed forward. To the west, the Canadians renewed their efforts against Carpiquet airfield. Grinding ahead, British forces reached the outskirts of Caen that evening. Concerned about the situation, the Germans began withdrawing their heavy equipment across the Orne and prepared to defend the river crossings in the city. The next morning, British and Canadian patrols began penetrating the city proper while other forces finally occupied Carpiquet airfield after the 12th SS Panzer Division withdrew. As the day progressed British and Canadian troops united and drove the Germans from the northern part of Caen. Occupying the riverbank, Allied troops halted as they lacked the strength to contest the river crossings. In addition, it was deemed inadvisable to continue as the Germans held the ground flanking the southern part of the city. As Charnwood concluded, OConnor launched Operation Jupiter on July 10. Striking south, he sought to capture the key heights of Hill 112. Though this objective was not gained after two days of fighting, his men secured several villages in the area and prevented the 9th SS Panzer Division from being withdrawn as a reserve force. Operation Goodwood As Operation Jupiter was moving forward, Montgomery again met with Bradley and Dempsey to assess the overall situation. At this gathering, Bradley proposed the plan for Operation Cobra which called for a major breakout from the American sector on July 18. Montgomery approved this plan and Dempsey was tasked with mounting an operation to pin German forces in place around Caen and possibly achieve a breakout in the east. A A Canadian soldier moves through Caen, 1944. Public Domain Dubbed Operation Goodwood, this called for a major offensive by British forces east of the city. Goodwood was to be supported by the Canadian-led Operation Atlantic which was designed to capture the southern part of Caen. With planning completed, Montgomery hoped to begin Goodwood on July 18 and Cobra two days later. Spearheaded by OConnors VIII Corps, Goodwood commenced following heavy Allied air attacks. Slowed somewhat by natural obstacles and German minefields, OConnor was tasked with capturing Bourguà ©bus Ridge as well as the area between Bretteville-sur-Laize and Vimont. Driving forward, British forces, heavily supported by armor, were able to advance seven miles but failed to take the ridge. The fighting saw frequent clashes between British Churchill and Sherman tanks and their German Panther and Tiger counterparts. Advancing to the east, Canadian forces succeeded in liberating the remainder of Caen, however subsequent assaults against Verrià ¨res Ridge were repulsed. Aftermath Though originally a D-Day objective, it took Allied forces around seven weeks to finally liberate the city. Due to the ferocity of the fighting, much of Caen was destroyed and had to be rebuilt after the war. Though Operation Goodwood failed to achieve a breakout, it did hold German forces in place for Operation Cobra. Delayed until July 25, Cobra saw American forces knock a gap in the German lines and reach open country to the south. Pivoting east, they moved to encircle German forces in Normandy as Dempsey mounted a new advance with the goal of trapping the enemy around Falaise. Beginning on August 14, Allied forces sought to close the Falaise Pocket and destroy the German Army in France. Though nearly 100,000 Germans escaped the pocket before it was closed on August 22, around 50,000 were captured and 10,000 killed. Having won the Battle of Normandy, Allied forces advanced freely to the Seine River reaching it on August 25.

Security Planning and Assessment - protection Essay

Security Planning and Assessment - protection - Essay Example It can also say that the security related to aero plane from the hijacking and terrorism crimes. Airport is one of the large gathering places and there is high risk of terrorism there. Now days it is seem that there is high rate of attacks on aircrafts. The high rate of hijacked the aero plane as a lethal weapon target for terrorism. These things facilitate understanding, clarification, or get evidence. These things are helpful for security control existence, functionality and potential for improvement. There is a local examination that included the information security methods; plans and processes; analyzing the system design documentation; view the system backup; observe the incident-response operation; review the security configuration settings; and user/administrator guides. CASTA is responsible for pre-board all persons screening. In this way they have contract with such service provider like Aeroguard Ltd Company. This company is responsible for train and guides the officer for screen test and its all methods and planning. These authorities are later privatized in 1990. The risk of any terror is remain although there is screening but there are many different methods from which the terrorist enter into the airport or they attempt to hijack the aero plane. The risk is every very high although the security measures have done. Sort out the threats In CASTA there are special trained officers that detect threats instead of that they completely rely on equipment to find threats. As aero plane perimeter for defenses get better at repelling the external attacks such as hijack, bombing or any data theft. But the criminals are ever engage to developing and creating new ways to break the securities and get the unauthorized access to system. Analysis of instrument CASTA uses x-ray machines to verify the contents of all

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Speech - Essay Example This practice is carried out on girls. It can be done as from few days old to teenage years. This presentation intends to examine the function of the warlords during the colonial period towards FGM, the violence caused by FGM and education as a major contributory factor to rampant FGM practices (Levin & Asaah, 2009). FGM is believed to be intensive in Africa where WHO approximates the population ranging from 90-95 million women to have undergone the practice (Levin & Asaah, 2009). Majority of the communities believe that FGM lessen libido. However, the majority of the Muslim believes that it is a religious obligation that is mandatory The warlords and the process of colonization are closely linked with FGM. It is imperative to note that attempts by the colonial administrators to halt the practice during the early 20th century did not succeed, but instead enhanced the provocation and anger consequently the FGM escalated. Kenya is a typical example where the FGM escalated upon aggravation of the local communities. The Christian missionaries in Kenya tried to discourage the practice due to the medical consequences and the accompanying sexualized rituals (Levin & Asaah, 2009). This did not work; instead, it became a focal point of agitating for independence, particularly by the Kikuyu community. It is fundamental to note that, the provocation led to the murder of Hilda Stump who was one of the American Missionary after she spoke about the FGM openly. The efforts of preaching against FGM by the Christian Missionaries and human rights activists based in London failed because most of the Kenyan local communities believe d that the female circumcision was not just an event or action but an institution, which was immensely attributed to enormous educational, moral, religious and social implications. Consider the following table that indicates the statistical data of the rate of

Human Resource Activities at McDonalds

Human Resource Activities at McDonalds Under this recruitment and selection policy, each restaurant is responsible to recruit hourly paid Positions and management recruitment department in East Finchley, London co-ordinates for recruiting the manager positions. McDonalds UK has own recruitment team who initially invite applicants for interview by assessing the online base exam. This team is working efficiently to find out right people with right skill at right time. McDonalds uses best method to fill their current vacancies such as Crew Member, Customer Care Assistant, Manager, etc. All vacancies are advertised on their own website, www.mcdcareers.co.uk . Also it recruits people by the help of local job centre and agencies. People, who interest to a particular position, have to create an account on this website after that by searching suitable vacancies he/she can apply by initial online psychometric test. This test procedure is an initial score. Person who cannot access the internet for them McDonalds has direct hotline. In this process suitable applicants are sent e-mail for interview and OJE (on job evaluation) at that restaurant where applicant applied. This assessment is being assessed for two days by Business Manager. Candidate, who successfully completes the OJE, is invited for final interview after that Manager decides whether or not to hire the applicant. Then all the successful applicants are invited for induction. On the day of induction person have to show documents that s/he is allow working in the UK according to Asylum and immigration Act 1996. And on this day employees are shown some video slide regarding McDonalds, which are given bellow. Job roles Food hygiene and safety training Policies and procedure Employee Benefits Training and development After that new employee are sent to restaurant to meet with trainee. McDonalds operates three weeks probationary period. In this time employees are assessed according to performance and are either retain or have their employment terminated. Objectives of Recruitments and Selection McDonalds recruits dynamic and talent people to meet with customers satisfaction and keep their reputation at high position. To fill up vacancies for running business. To ensure equal opportunity. Motivation and Employee benefits People are important resource of an organisation. Motivation is a process by which employees are influenced to achieve the organisational objectives. Nowadays experienced managers realise that financial reward cannot be the only kind of motivation because some people like money, some like personality. Management of McDonalds emphasise on three components to motivate the people such as financial, non financial encourage, and social policy. Maslows motivation theory includes all this factors. Maslow states that all the needs must be fulfilled one after another. McDonalds allows the all employees to participate in the decision making and Restaurant Manager select the employee of the month by assessing performance of the employee in a month then s/he is rewarded  £25. Also Manager inspires employees for working fast. Employee benefits are given below: Saving with employee discount: All employees get discount on purchase from over 1600 retailers in the UK. Maternity leave/Pay. Open door policy: Committed to all employees so they enjoy career with McDonalds. Crew room PC and internet facility. Every one opinion is valued. Objectives of Motivation To achieve the organisational goals. To get best service from employee. To recognise the performance of employee. Training and Development Each restaurant of McDonalds promises to deliver high standards of service and cleanliness to customers. Management of McDonalds believe that well trained employee can deliver these standards. McDonalds provides comprehensive training program for all employees. It allows the merit based promotion. Welcome meeting is the first stage of training. At restaurant crew trainers work shoulder to shoulder with trainees while they learn the operational skill necessary for running each of the 11 work starting in each restaurant, from the front counter to the grill area. All employees are developed by the effective training so that they can serve the customers quickly, operate equipments and learn McDonalds operational procedure. Most of the training at McDonalds is floor based or on job training because this procedure is very effective to develop them. People learn more and more likely retain information if they physically. McDonalds provides an initial training periods for all new employee, h ere every employee learn how they can develop their skills. Also it has effective crew development program. Also it has e-learning system for all employees. For e-learning employee can access www.ourlounge.co.uk. This company provides management develop program which are divided into four: a) Shift Management, b) System Management, c) Restaurant Leadership, d) Business Most departments in the regional office offer restaurant managers opportunities to second to work in the regional office. This gives experienced manager the opportunity to develop and learn new skills. Objectives of Training and Development To improve the performance of employee. To integrated with human resource management practice. To meet with current change. How human resource activities are achieved McDonalds achieves the above mentioned activities by its experienced, talent and dynamic restaurant managers. Still recruitment process of McDonalds is best in fast food world because of on job evaluation. Moreover, McDonalds provides on job training to develop the employees and allow equal opportunity to all employees for achieving the organisational goal. Theoretical models of human resource management Human resource strategy is generally behaviour based. There are lots of human resource models associated with such processes: The Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna model The Harvard Model The Warwick model Guests model etc The Fombrun, Tchy and Devanna model of HRM This earliest human resource management model is developed by Fombrun et al (1984). This model emphasizes the interrelatedness and the coherence of human resource management activities. In this model there are four key components: selection, appraisal, development and reward (Fig: 1). these four human resource management activities aims to increase the organisational performance. This model has been criticised as being too simplistic because it only focuses on four components. It also ignores stake holder interest, situational factors and notion of managements strategic choice. McDonalds follows all activities of this model to get best performance from employees. But McDonalds considers other factors, such as situational factor, stake holder interest and so on, to keep their position at top. The Harvard model This model was developed by Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Mills and Walton in 1984. This model contains six components; stakeholders interests, Situational factors, Human resource management policy choices, Human resource outcomes, Long term consequences and a feedback loop (Fig: 2). Stakeholder interest can persuade the employee performance. Situational factors are environmental factors which influence managements choice of human resource strategy. HRM policy choices emphasises that managements decisions and action take into account both constraints and choices. HR outcome identifies specific employee behaviours which are considered desirable including commitment and high individual performance leading to cost-effective products or services. There is a basic assumption that human being possess talents that are really used at work and that they show a desire experience growth through work. Long term consequences take three perspectives into account: The individual well being Organisational effectiveness Social well being The feedback loop reflects how HRM policy choices are affected by stakeholder interest and environmental factors and how both are influenced by HR outcomes. This model has gained some popularity in the UK but also some criticism in that it identifies desirable HR outcomes that may not have universal appeal as they generally assume an American view of success. Task 2 HR planning and development Traditional definitions and approaches to man power planning tended to delimit and define it as a central personnel activity which attempts to reconcile an organisations need for labour with available supply in local and international labour markets. In essence, manpower planners initially seek to estimate their current and future employment needs and, like the analogy sometimes made with the practice of navigation, uses scientific method in applying his knowledge and skills. Within the limit of equipment available, in order to establish first his position and then his best possible course and speed, with a view to arriving at a chosen destination by the most suitable route. (Smith 1976 : 16). Every organisation have own model for human resource planning and development. Strategy planning model is very important to keep the organisation reputation at best place and meet with the organisational goals. Here I would like to write about the planning models of a McDonalds restaurant. The basic HR planning model Here in this model (Fig: 3) steps 1 and 5 is strategic human resource planning. Restaurant Manager plans to achieve the organisational objectives. Under this model manager forecast and analyze feasible. And steps 2, 3 and 4 is operational human resource planning such as requirements of human resource and human resource program are designed around what organisational goal. This program analyzes the effectiveness and efficiency of initiatives managed by the human resource department including compensation, benefits, training, staffing etc. In McDonalds restaurant employees are very happy with various benefits example for employee discount card, holyday payment and so on. This model is very effective because all planning is designed for achieving organisational objectives. According to this model manager can analyze on probability of future requirements. The best fit HR planning model This model (Fig: 3) involves on new product line, developing staff, recruitment to meet with new objectives of organisation. McDonalds every year opening new branches in the UK. Managers of McDonalds may apply this planning model to perform their human resource activities. This is the unique planning model for human resource management, which covers all activities from installation of an organisation to its objectives. This model is very effective model for long term and short term human resource planning because it discuss on labour requirement, availability and feasibility. Forecasting demand and supply model In some cases demand and supply of human resources can be forecasted. Here demand means the number and character (abilities, pay levels and skills) of employees needed for a particular job, a particular time and a particular place. Human resource supply means the number of people who are available for particular job. In terms of McDonalds, there are lots of international student are working as a part-time employee. After finishing their study some students leave the UK and some students get post study work permit that is why McDonalds has employee turnover like other organisation. For this reason administration of McDonalds takes strategic planning to reduce employee turnover and recruit employees. According to demand forecasting administration predicts who will leave the job and create vacancies, which job will be eliminated and which one will be created. This model is very effective, if any organisation follows this model, it will not face with any problem about employee shorter. McDonalds may use this model that is why it can fill up vacancy at right time with right skills. Task 3 Performance Performance management is a part of human resource function and one of the key processes that helps the employees know that their contribution are recognised. Performance management is continues process of communication between supervisor and employee that occurs throughout the year, in support of accomplishing the organisational goals. This process includes clarifying expectation, setting goals, identifying goals, providing feedback and evaluating result. HR performance management at McDonalds Restaurant McDonalds has effective motivation system to improve the employees performance. At McDonalds restaurant performance management are operated by restaurant manager. In each restaurant manager is responsible for monitoring employees performance. This process is continues throughout the year, restaurant manager select employee of the month according to employees performance within a month. After that, employee of the month is awarded by restaurant manager. And he/she is given  £ 25 reward. And manager selects employee of the quarter. Then employee progress to operation manager. Moreover, manager arranges CSO (customer satisfaction opportunity) competition among different teams within the restaurant and among restaurant as well for monitoring performance. Furthermore, overall performance of restaurant is monitored by GAPbuster on monthly basis. Here, GAPbuster is a person who has good knowledge in the field of customer experienced management. In each month GAPbuster visits restaurant as a customer to check quality of food, how friendly the employee, accuracy of service, service time and cleanliness. According to these points GApbuster scores to the restaurant. This process is very effective because all employees within this organisation try to do best to be employee of the month and managers are always monitor the performance of staff to get 100 percent score from GAPbuster. Being a Crew Member of McDonalds, I know that manager and supervisor always communicate with all employees to know about their needs. In restaurant we work together as a team and manager always gives hands to any employee. In my opinion, if this process was weekly basis, performance of employees would be better than the current process. Conclusion Being a Crew Member of McDonalds restaurant in Archway, London, I found some positive activities such as employee relation, recruitment process, training system, motivation system and team work, at restaurant, which may keep the McDonalds at top position. Managers are very friendly with employees to solve any difficulty in work. Manager shares all things with the employees by arranged regular basis meeting. And restaurant manager wish the birth day to all employees and arrange party on various occasions. In short manager to Crew all work together to get customers satisfactions and achieve the organisational goals. Recommendation McDonalds always tries to do best for its employees. Yet, I have some recommendations regarding human resource management in McDonalds restaurant. It is seen that most of the restaurant managers have no first degree. McDonalds should recruit people, who have at least first degree on business management for manager post. Moreover, In the UK based McDonalds restaurant, employees ages less than 22 are given  £ 4.87 per hour and age 22+ are given  £5.82 per hour but all employees contribute same for McDonalds. My last recommendation, all employees should be given same wages.

Should we reinstate the Selective Service Draft or continue to rely on a volunteer army?

This paper seeks to determine whether the Americans should reinstate the Selective Service Draft or continue to rely on a volunteer army. This paper posits that it is more advantageous to rely on volunteer army than military draft. . No need to reinstate the military draft One of the strongest arguments why America need not reinstate the Selective Service Draft and instead continue to rely on volunteer army is the positions presently taken by the Bush Administration.Burns said, â€Å"The Bush administration sees no need to reinstate the military draft, but it is pushing for improved Pentagon management of the 1.4 million-strong force in order to meet wartime needs, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said Thursday. † He further quoted Rumsfeld saying , â€Å"†I don't know anyone in the executive branch of the government who believes it would be appropriate or necessary to reinstitute the draft,† to the Newspaper Association of America's annual convention. † The system of military conscription that was abandoned in 1973 just came from some members of Congress on whether the long-term nature of the global war on terrorism might require a return to same. It was Sen.Chuck Hagel, R-Neb. , who raised the possibility that compulsory military service might be necessary. Burns quoted Hagel as seeing the nation as engaged â€Å"in a generational war here against terrorism† and â€Å"It's going to require resources. † The main argument of Sen. Hagel was for burden sharing, hence, he was quoted as saying: â€Å"Should we continue to burden the middle class who represents most all of our soldiers, and the lower-middle class? † â€Å"Should we burden them with the fighting and the dying if in fact this is a generational – probably 25-year – war? â€Å"Burns found Rumsfeld not addressing the issue of burden-sharing, except to say the old system of conscription had â€Å"a lot of difficulties,† including lo opholes that permitted many to avoid being drafted. Rumsfeld was found to have said that the military simply does not need to abandon its all-volunteer approach and to have said the following statement, â€Å"†We have a relatively small military. We have been very successful in recruiting and retaining the people we need†¦ Although the military is strained by its commitments in Iraq and elsewhere, it is working on ways to get more combat power out of the existing force.† Burns also reported Rumsfeld arguing that the Army, for example, is reorganizing to increase the number of combat brigades from 33 to as many as 48 over the next several years and the Pentagon is finding ways to pull troops out of jobs that could be done by civilian Defense Department workers or government contractors, thus freeing more troops for combat-related duties (Paraphrasing made) . Hence it would mean that there is no need to reinstate the Selective Service since under the present circumst ance, volunteer army is a possible option.In trying therefore to analyse the statements of Rumsfeld, Selective Service draft should only come as an option if the present number of army could not be augmented through other means like pulling troops out of jobs that could be done by civilian Defense Department workers or government contractors. Why resort to compulsory service then when there are easier ways. As state earlier, the main argument for selective service is the shared burden principle between rich and poor. Equitable Spread of burden of military serviceGreenberg, David (2003) said that the proposal for selective service by Rep. Charles Rangel, D-N. Y. is based on the argument that in our anomic culture we need mandatory service to instill common values, provide a shared experience for young people of all races and social stripes, and equitably spread the burden of military service. Hence, in writing in the New York Times, Greenberg found Rangel recently to have urged a â⠂¬Å"return to the tradition of the citizen soldier,† and arguing that â€Å"if we are going to send our children to war, the governing principle must be that of shared sacrifice.† (Paraphrasing made). Greenberg further said, â€Å"Cries like Rangel's have arisen in every war and quite often in peace as well. In 1940, inaugurating the first-ever peacetime draft, Franklin Roosevelt argued that the new policy â€Å"broadened and enriched our basic concepts of citizenship. † A quarter century later, Lyndon Johnson called the draft â€Å"a part of America, a part of the process of our democracy. † Indeed, appeals to patriotism and democracy have often accompanied the imposition of mandatory sacrifice. † Equality contradicting libertyThe laudable purpose of equality is not however unopposed because of the element of coercion which convinces many that equality need not liberty. Thus, Greenburg agreed difficulty of selling conscription because equality coul d be contradicting liberty. He said, â€Å" Despite these fine words, though, conscription has always been—and probably will always be—a tough sell. The reason isn't that Americans crave an unjust system, although they haven't shown too much regret over the draft's inequities. Rather, the draft's perennial unpopularity stems from an abiding national regard for freedom from state coercion.For all Rangel's rhetorical bows to the â€Å"citizen soldier† and â€Å"shared sacrifice,† his proposal addresses America's historic concern for equality but skirts its even more primary veneration for liberty. † As to the validity of the claims equality in the sharing the burden, perhaps it would be proper to take a look at the past. Had people readily accepted conscription in the past? Greenburg said â€Å"Indeed, the notion of the citizen soldier of the Revolutionary War to which Rangel hearkens—the common man trading plowshare for sword to fight an imm inent threat—actually points up the flaws in the argument for conscription.The Revolution's vaunted Minute Men were, after all, volunteers who needed no official prodding to take up arms against a threat to their liberty. The Continental Army certainly had its manpower problems—in the winter of 1776, Tom Paine decried the â€Å"summer soldier and the sunshine patriot†Ã¢â‚¬â€but even in those trying times, states rejected George Washington's plea for national conscription. When individual states did hold drafts, they allowed wealthy conscripts to hire substitutes, who were predominantly poor and unemployed. Service was hardly a shared experience. †If President Washington plea for national conscription was rejected when the country needed the citizen then to defend it was rejected, would it be easier to accept today? Could this happen with Bush administration when his defense secretary was saying that there is no need for military draft? But going back stil l in the past, it was found that draft really existed but it was just temporary to address an emergency. Thus, Greenburg added , â€Å"Whatever problems hobbled the Continental Army, the new nation's founders remained convinced that state encroachment on personal freedom was the greater danger.The Constitution's drafters conferred on Congress the power to â€Å"raise and support armies† but not to conscript citizens—an omission notably at odds with the practice in Europe. Virginia's Edmund Randolph, one of the few founders to raise the issue during the constitutional debates, argued that a draft would â€Å"stretch the strings of government too violently to be adopted. † Such sentiments carried the day even when British troops invaded American soil two decades later. During the War of 1812, President James Madison sought a draft.But even though Secretary of War James Monroe promised it would be just a temporary, emergency measure, Congress opposed it, in Sen. D aniel Webster's words, as â€Å"Napoleonic despotism. † It never got off the ground. † If success in the past may have to be used as a justification to put one today, would it be more acceptable? Historically this was not supposed to be the case since success seemed t far from good. Greenburg said, â€Å"In the Civil War, both North and South continued to rely mainly on enlistment, although they did adopt conscription when the volunteers dried up.Even though the Civil War drafts were extremely limited—only 8 percent of Union's 2 million soldiers were draftees—they were far from successful. The Confederate government gave exemptions to those in certain occupations, sparking popular protest. Meanwhile, the delegation of such vast powers to the Confederate government baldly violated the principle of â€Å"states' rights† and undermined the South's rationale for its rebellion. † The limited number then of military draft appear to post now a stron g objection to reinstating military draft now that they situation was not as dangerous before.There could be problems with impracticality because a forced military service may just cause desertions or non reporting which. This actually happened. Greenburg confirmed this when he said, â€Å"Fifty years later, with Europe at war, Woodrow Wilson courted the animosity of isolationists left and right by pushing through Congress a sweeping (but temporary) conscription program. To ensure fairness, the law barred the hiring of substitutes and the offering of bounties for enlistees.But the draft's more fundamental flaw—its coerciveness—still fueled protest. Waves of conscripts, perhaps as many as 3 million, refused to register for the draft, and of those actually called to serve, 12 percent either didn't report or quickly deserted. Local vigilantes took to shaming or brutalizing resisters into service. Civil libertarians sued the government, arguing that the draft was unconsti tutional under the 13th Amendment, which outlawed involuntary servitude, but in 1918 the Supreme Court upheld it as constitutional.† What could be more depriving than coerciveness? We have seen coercion generating protest but it does not mean that military draft is not without use and purpose. Hence Greenburg explained that the draft was scuttled when peace returned, but in 1940, when Germany invaded France, FDR sought to resurrect it. There must be a war to justify the draft. But how was it accepted then because of the war? Greenburg said, â€Å" Again, opposition was fierce; Sen.Arthur Vandenberg, for one, accused FDR of â€Å"tearing up 150 years of American history and tradition, in which none but volunteers have entered the peacetime Armies and Navies. † But FDR won out, and resistance faded after Pearl Harbor. As it was in so many ways, the experience of the â€Å"good† war proved an exception to a historical pattern. Yet FDR's policies also set a preceden t for the more questionable Cold War draft, which would last 25 years. † In the cold war , America had the draft during the Cold War but the Vietnam experience have taught them a lesson.Greenburg confirmed this when he said, â€Å"It took the catastrophe of Vietnam to end the draft. By the late 1960s, the mounting body counts and anti-war sentiment made it increasingly hard for President Johnson to justify sending young men to die in battle. Until 1969, Maj. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, the head of the Selective Service, blocked efforts to reform or end the draft, but when Richard Nixon assumed the presidency he saw draft reform as a way to silence the peace movement and steal the Democrats' thunder without a precipitous pullout.Nixon forced Hershey into retirement, set up a lottery to make the draft fairer, and indicated he would move toward an all-volunteer force (AVF). In a debate over whether to continue the draft in 1971 or adopt an AVF, it was Nixon and Gen. William Westmorel and who argued for the AVF, while leading Democrats in Congress such as Ted Kennedy and one Charlie Rangel pressed to keep the draft in place. † Given past events, will America repeat the same mistake?The Americans have spoken about their positions in the last 2006 elections by giving more seats to Democrats over the Republicans. The constitutionality of mandatory military service One of the issues that may be invoked in trying to oppose the military draft is through constitutional means. Smolla, R. said, â€Å"The military draft has been rhetorically attacked as a form of involuntary servitude that violates the Thirteenth Amendment, [23] but, despite the hyperbolic utility of the argument, it has never been taken seriously by the Supreme Court.As early as the 1918 Selective Draft Law Cases, [24] the Court stated that as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to th e defense of the rights and honor of the nation as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment, we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement.[25] † It is therefore clear that legal battle appears a weak option because the court could still sustain legality so the decision is political and which using the result of the recent elections would show that the volunteer army is the better option. Conclusion: The evidence would go for continuing volunteer army instead of selective service draft. To serve ones’ country it is best to respect voluntary service.Americans need not be reinstated the military service if it could continue with volunteer army To force young Americans to join the draft was a difficult experience in the past where enlisted personnel failed or dese rted, constituting a big percentage. The compulsory draft in the past was made to address to an emergency. The executive department through the defense chief declared the lack of need to restore the military since the government can still have volunteer army.Forcing people to render a military service is being viewed as having the element of coercion which is one the greatest objection to selective military draft but the latter is arguing on the basis to shared sacrifice and therefore invoking equality. However, opponents of military draft rationalized that equality need not violated liberty which the Constitution was made to promote. The present jurisprudence however holds that force military draft is constitutional and hence the issue of legality may still allow the decision to pursue military draft over that of volunteer army.Since there is no emergency to invoke military draft, then said option must not be pursued. Works and Cases Cited: Burns, Robert, Defense Chief Sees No Need to Reintroduce the Military Draft, The Associated Press , Agonist Discussion, Re:WILL THE US FEEL A DRAFT SOON? , Reply #26 on: April 22, 2004, 03:44:24 PM, {www document} URL, http://discuss. agonist. org//? board=1%3Baction=display%3Bthreadid=18596%3Bstart=0,, Accessed November 28,2006.Greenberg, David. Rough Draft, The revive-conscription movement has history against it., 2003 {www document} URL http://www. slate. com/? id=2077346, Accessed November 28,2006 Millett, J. , The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces.. Publisher: Office of the Chief of Military History, Washington, DC, 1954, p. 261 Schenck v. United States, 249 U. S. 47, 50-51 (1919) Selective Draft Law Cases 245 U. S. 366 (1918). Smolla, R. , The Constitutionality of Mandatory Public School Community Service Programs. Law and Contemporary Problems. Volume: 62. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 1999. p. 113

The Impact Of Global Warming On The World - 1044 Words

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Who Built the Trojan Horse

Epeus (or Epeius or Epeos), a skilled boxer (Iliad XXIII), is credited with building the Trojan horse with the help of Athena, as is told in the Odyssey IV.265ff and Odyssey VIII.492ff.​ Pliny the Elder ​(according to The Trojan Horse: Timeo Danaos et Dona ferentis, by Julian Ward Jones, Jr. The Classical Journal, Vol. 65, No. 6. March 1970, pp. 241-247.) says the horse was invented by Epeus. However, in Vergils Aeneid Book II, Laocoon warns the Trojans against the treachery of Odysseus which he sees behind the horse-gift of the Greeks. Incidentally, its here that Laocoon says: timeo Danaos et dona ferentis Beware of Greeks bearing gifts. In the Epitome of Apollodorus V.14, credit is given to Odysseus for conceiving the idea and Epeus for building: By the advice of Ulysses, Epeus fashions the Wooden Horse, in which the leaders ensconce themselves. There are other opinions on who devised the idea of the horse (with Athenas help) and what the horse really was, but whether Odysseus had the inspiration for the horse and/or figured out how to get the Trojans to take it into the city, Odysseus, tamer of the Trojans, is credited with using the horse to trick the horse-loving Trojans.